Health effects
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Short-term effects
When injected, the initial ‘rush’ associated with opiate use is often described as a strong euphoric wave, with a sense of physical, mental and emotional wellbeing. This sensation is very psychologically addictive.
Smaller doses of opiate drugs cause a person to become talkative, energised and confident, while larger doses can result in a trance like state sometimes called going ‘on the nod’.
The effects of opiate drugs peak one or two hours after taking them and can last up to six hours.
Immediate effects:
- intense pleasure and strong feelings of wellbeing
- confusion
- pain relief
- slowed breathing
- decreased blood pressure and heart rate
- constricted pupils
- dry mouth
- suppressed cough reflex
- reduced sexual urges
- drowsiness
- slurred and slow speech
- impaired coordination
- nausea and vomiting.
Using greater amounts of an opiate drug may cause stronger and longer lasting effects such as:
- loss of concentration
- falling asleep or going 'on the nod'
- slow and shallow breathing
- nausea and vomiting
- sweating and itching
- increased urination.
Under medical supervision, the short-term use of opiates does not produce significant health problems, and many people are prescribed opiates such as pethidine for a few days after an operation.
Pure opiates, such as pure heroin, are relatively non-toxic to the body. However, illicit heroin and homebake are usually cut with other substances, such as caffeine and sugar, and sometimes poisonous additives. This makes purity unpredictable and increases the risk of overdose.
Long-term effects
The highly addictive nature of opiate drugs means many users become dependent on them.
Other long-term effects include irregular menstrual cycles, constipation, infertility and loss of sex drive. Long-term opiate users might also suffer from feelings of sadness or depression and mental impairment.
Much of the opiate supply in New Zealand comes from pharmaceutical sources like morphine sulphate tabletswhich contain other ingredients, such as talc, cellulose or cornstarch, When injected therisk of abscesses associated with intravenous drug use is increased.
Injecting opiates can also lead to skin, heart and lung infections, collapsed veins and tetanus. Using dirty injecting equipment and sharing needles increases the risk of contracting HIV and hepatitis.
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